The Big Bang Model was conceived in 1927 by Georges LeMaitre, Catholic Priest. He believed that the Universe began as a single explosion that has caused the Universe to expand indefinitely. In the late 1940s, George Gamow, a Russian-American physicist, theorized that the Big Bang was caused by a powerful explosion of primordial matter and antimatter; and there should be traces of background radiation. In 1965, Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias observed microwave radiation that was assumed to have come from the Big Bang. Today, Big Bang theorists believe that most of the antimatter was annihilated in a Big Bang except for one part per billion.

In 1966, Hannes Alfven developed the Plasma Universe Model that continues to incorporate the observed scientific properties of the Universe. Alfven received a Nobel Prize for his contributions to basic plasma physics and space plasmas.  Anthony Peratt has developed computer models to simulated the known galaxies in the universe. In the center of galaxies, holes are ejecting spiral arms of matter and antimatter plasmas and stars into space. The plasma, which is sometimes referred to as dark matter and dark energy, is composed of ionized particles. About ninety-nine percent of the galaxy's mass is composed of plasma and the remaining one percent are stars, planets and moons. Light or photons from matter and antimatter or mirror matter stars are indistinguishable from each other.